Ngaphantsi kwegama elithi "Psychoanalysis", iingcali zijongana nethiyori yengqondo, ongumbhali we-psychoanalyst, i-psychoanalyst, i-neurologist i-sigmund freud. Ithiyori yavela kwi-Xix-20 kwiinkulungwane ezi-20, ngesiseko sayo, indlela efanelekileyo yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yaphuhliswa.
Ukuba unomdla wokufunda malunga nesihloko se-psychoanalysis, ndiye ndacebisa ukuba ndiqhelane nezi zinto.
I-psychosophy ye-psychoanalysis: abameli abaziintloko kunye nemibono
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I-psychoanalysis yiseti yezinto ezilungiselelwe kunye neendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukucwangciswa kwengcaciso yekhonkco lemibutho engaphantsi kwenkqubo.
Phakathi kwezikhokelo ezisisiseko ze-psychoanalysis zinokubelwa:
- Ithiyori yendlela yokuziphatha yomntu. Wayengowokuqala ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uthathwa njengenye yezona zibalulekileyo. Njengomthetho, ithiyori yendlela yokuziphatha yomntu ihambelana ne-psychoanalysis yengqondo, yaziswa kwi-psychology ye-sigmund freud. Kodwa ungadibana kunye nokwahluka okugqwesileyo ekusebenziseni le thiyori, ezinye zinokwahlukana komthombo wokuqala. Njengemizekelo, i-Psychology yengqondo ye-Gustav Jung okanye i-Psychology yomntu ngamnye e-Adler (ithunyelwa kwi-Neuvers).
- Iindlela zophando lweenjongo eziphambili zokuziphatha komntu. I-Psychoanalysis isetyenziselwa njengesixhobo esiphambili sokufunda ii-cusconsties eziphantsi ezivuselela ukuphazamiseka. Inkcazo yale yokugqibela inceda ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zeMibutho yasimahla.
- Indlela, kunye neendlela zokwenza izifo zengqondo, Ngokusekwe kuhlalutyo oluchazwe apha ngasentla lokungazi, ukubonakalisa ukuxhathisa kunye nokudluliselwa, ngeendlela zokufunda kunye nokutolika. Eyona njongo iphambili ye-psychoanalysis luncedo olusebenzayo kwisigulana kwinkululeko efihlakeleyo edale iingxabano kwi-Psyto (ayifanelekanga okanye ibalulekile okanye ikhokelela kwiingxabano ezithile).
Ifilosofi ye-psychoanalysis iyaqhubeka. Ngoku makhe sithethe malunga nemibono esisiseko yethiyori yengqondo. Uphethe umbono we-sigmund freud, esithi imeko yengqondo yomntu ihlala ingaguquguquki.
Zonke iingcinga, iminqweno kunye nesenzo kuzo zonke iimeko zinengcambu ebangela ukuba ibekwe ngezonkangeleko okanye iinjongo zokungazi. Kwakhona, isigameko sexesha elidlulileyo sinefuthe kwikamva. Ngaphandle kokuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo kwesigulana, ukuba ingxaki yakhe yengqondo ayiqinisekiswanga, kuhlala kukho uqhagamshelo olufihlakeleyo lweziganeko ezithile nabanye.
Ukuqulunqwa kolu lwazi, i-freud yenza ukwahlulwa kwe psyche yabantu kwimimandla emi-3:
- ukwazi;
- isabelo;
- ukungazi.
Ziqwalasele ngakumbi.
- Ukuqonda - Babandakanya zonke iinkqubo ezizaziyo abantu ngalo naliphi na ixesha lobomi babo.
- Ubukhulu becala -Umele inani lendawo yokungazi, elinokuthi "liphume" nangaliphi na ixesha kwaye lihambe kwingingqi yengqondo.
- Ukungazi -Emelwe ziimeko ezingazinzanga, ezingafikeleleki kwingqondo phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko. Ukungazi nto kuyagqitywa ziingcinga, iimvakalelo kunye namava, awayekhukulisiwe ngokungazi, njengoko umntu ebajonga emdaka kwaye akuvumelekanga. Ngokungazi nto, akukho mida yexesha: Iinkumbulo zabantwana ezizifumene kwindawo yokungazi ziya kubangela ukuphendula okunzulu njengokubonakala.
Ngokuka freud, ezona zinto ziphambili ze-psyche zomntu ziyanyibilika, oko kukuthi, voltseges ijolise kwiinjongo ezithile. Iqela lemveli limelwe ngamacandelo amabini:
- I-Libe-"Amandla Obomi";
- Amandla anobukrakra 'ngu "Ukufa".
Kwithiyori ye-psychoanalysis, i-Libedo, esekwe kubunjani bendoda, ubutyiwa ikakhulu. Ngokweempawu ze-libido (inkangeleko, ubungakanani, ukuhanjiswa, ukuhanjiswa), kunokwenzeka ukuba ugqibe ngokubhekisele nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye neempawu zengcinga, amava, isenzo sesigulana.
Ithiyori yengqondo ye-freud ye-freud ibonelela ngemodeli ye-psyche:
- (Okanye "id");
- I-ego (okanye "i");
- Isiqu sakho (okanye "super-i").
Kuya kufuneka bafumanise ngakumbi.
(Okanye "id") -Umele idatha (i-hererity, imvakalelo) ekuqaleni kwabantu), ayichaphazeli imithetho efanelekileyo. I-id yindawo yempembelelo (i-freud yathetha ngokokubandakanywa kubomi nokufa). Ihluthwe ngokudityaniswa kunye ne-chaotic, kodwa kwangaxeshanye i-ID inefuthe elikhulu kum nangaphezulu.
I-ego (okanye "i") -Izenzo ngokomzekelo ochaphazela indlela yokuziphatha, iindlela zokucinga kunye neendlela zokukhusela. I-EGO ihlala inxibelelana nabantu abangqonge abantu. Iqala kwi-ID ukusuka okwangoku umntwana ayazazi umntwana njengomntu. I-ID igcwalisa i-ego, kwaye i-ego inika i-ID yokhuseleko, njengekhokheli.
Molo (okanye "super-i") -Yinxalenye ye-EGO, yenza imisebenzi yokujonga kunye noqikelelo lwemiqobo. Ukwenziwa kweSishumi kuphenjelelwa kukuntywila kwemifanekiso yabazali enenkqubo yabo yexabiso. Ngokuka-Sigmund freud, imisebenzi emi-3 ephambili ibelwa kwi-3 ephezulu, engu:
- isazela;
- intshumayelo;
- Umsebenzi owenza iinjongo.
Zonke ezi zinto zilapha ngasentla ze-psyche ziyafuneka ukubonelela ngenjongo enye-ukugcina ibhalansi yokuvuselela okukhokelela kulonwabo kunye nengozi, ephakama ngenxa yokungoneliseki.
Ngokuka freud, amandla avelayo kuwo abonakaliswa kum, kwaye ngaphezulu-ndibeka imida yedwa. Kodwa, ithathela ingqalelo imida engaphandle idla ngokuchaseneyo, ngenxa yoko , kuvela iimpikiswano zobuntu.
Izikolo eziphambili i-Psychoanalysis
Kwakukho iinkulungwane ezingakumbi ukubonakala kwethiyori yengqondo. Ixesha elide lalikho izikolo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemikhombandlela ye-psychoanalysis. Iindidi eziphambili ezinokubalwa:- Ithiyori ye-classical yediphozithi ephuhliswe yi-sigmund freud;
- I-EGO-PRSCHCLOLOLOLOLO ZE-EGO-PRSCHILOGLOLO-Kuyo, icandelo le-Pesful le-Egos liza ngaphambili;
- Ithiyori yolwalamano lwento;
- I-Thelanie yesikolo i-lanie klein-i-british enefuthe lePsychoanaly yemvelaphi yamaYuda;
- Isakhiwo sengqondo yengqondo ye-jacques lakan;
- I-psychology ye-heinz kohut;
- I-psychoanalysis ye-psychoanalysis (Harry Stack Sullivan kunye neClara Thompson);
- Inkqubo ye-Intersbubive (Robert Pokoru).
Iindlela ze-psychoanalysis
Lixesha lokuba uza kubo. Apha ngezantsi kuya kuqwalaselwa zonke iindlela ezaziwayo ezisetyenziswa zii-psychoanalysts, kunye nenkcazo yeempawu zabo.
Indlela yeMibutho yasimahla
Xa kufikwa kwimibutho yasimahla, yenzelwe ukuba isigulana sivakaliswa yingcali zonke, imifanekiso ephakama entlokweni yakhe. Kubalulekile ukuba ugqirha angayigxeki isigulana, nokuba babonakalise ukungangqinelani okanye ngokungafanelekanga.Kwiseshoni ye-psychoanalysis, kufuneka uninikezele kugqirha kuzo zonke iinkcukacha zobomi bakho: ukuxelela zombini malunga nezinto eziqhelekileyo (umsebenzi, imicimbi yemihla ngemihla), kunye nokwenza amaphupha akho, iimvakalelo, amachaphaza, amava. Ngokubanzi, ukuze wabelane ngazo zonke izinto oxhalabisayo ngazo.
Eyona njongo yeendlela zokunxulumana nokukhululeka kukufezekisa imida yenkqubo yokuqonda nengaziqondi, oko kukuthi, ukukhuthaza inkululeko.
Indlela yokutolikwa kwamaphupha
Amaphupha akhona olona xabiso sengqondo lubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqondwa kwendlela enokwenzeka ngoncedo lwendlela yangaphambili. Ephupheni, "iimpembelelo" ezityelweyo "zihlala zibuyiselwa emntwini, zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neminqweno ye-subconstal kunye neenkuthazo.
Amaphupha anobabini ngokucacileyo kunye nomxholo ofihlakeleyo. Ngaphantsi kowokuqala kuqondwa ngamava omntu, iinkumbulo zakhe, indlela athetha ngayo ngento ayibone ephupheni. Umxholo ofihliweyo yintsomi, nceda usombulule ukunxulumana nokutolikwa kwengqondo.
Ugqirha uya kunceda ukujongana nemiyalezo engaziyo, ukuze ikwazi ukuyenza kamva isebenzise olu lwazi lokunxibelelana nabanye, utshintsho olululo ebomini.
Indlela yokutolika
Ingcaciso - Isebenza njengomyalezo, ngoncedo lwengcali enika isigulana esivakaliswa sisigulana ngentsingiselo yekhonkrithi, iyanda kwaye iyakhula kwixabiso eliqhotyoshelwe ngumntu ngokwakhe. Kule meko, rhoqo isigulana sikhuthaza ukuthembeka kokutolikwa, ukukhupha indlela efanelekileyo yokusabela kuyo. Umzekelo, kwinkumbulo yakhe ivusa umcimbi kwisihloko awathi ugqirha.Nangona ukutolikwa akuqinisekiswanga kuzo zonke iimeko.
Eyona njongo yale ndlela kukuphelisa iziganeko zengqondo kwinqanaba lokuqonda, enkosi apho ukuqonda ngokwako kuququzelele, kuya kubakho ukuphucula inyani.
Indlela yokuTshintshela uhlalutyo kunye ne-counterperos
Kwingqondo yemveli yendlela yokutshintshela, ithetha la manyathelo alandelayo:
- Isigulana sihamba siye kwiimvakalelo zengqondo, iingcinga, iingcinga, umnqweno, njl., njl., Exakwa kwixesha elidlulileyo, zibaluleke kakhulu kwisigulana;
- Umntu uqalisa ukubona ugqirha njengento kwixesha elidlulileyo;
- Kwixabiso elibanzi ngakumbi, indlela yohlalutyo kunye nokudluliselwa kuthathwa njengesimo sengqondo somxholo omnye komnye ngamava awo.
Indlela yokudluliselwa kwi-psychoanalysis isebenza njengenqanaba elinyanzelekileyo, kwaye ukuhombisa kwale nkqubo sisixhobo esisebenzayo kunyango. USigmund Freud uthe ngenxa yefuthe lesigulana ukuze afumane gqirha, i-phenomenon yaqwalaselwa njenge "renterrm.
I-Argance-imele indibaniselwano yokuphendula engacacanga yengcali yesazisi sesazisi.
Indlela yoHlaziyo lokuxhathisa
Ukuxhathisa kusoloko kuzama ukuphazamisa i-psychoanalysis, kwaye kuthintela i-ego ekrelekrele yesigulana. Ukuxhathisa kuzama ukukhusela ukubandezeleka kwesigulana, yindlela eyabelweyo.
UFreud ubhale oku kulandelayo kule:
"... Iindlela zokukhusela ezibhekiswa kwingozi evavanywe kwakhona ngohlobo lokuxhathisa ekuvuseleleni ngexesha lonyango. Ilandela koku i-ego ithathela ingqalelo ukunyathela njengengozi entsha. "
Ukuxhathisa, oku kulandelayo yimpawu:
- Inxulumene notshintsho olwenza ukuba umntu aphile kwinqanaba lokwazi, kodwa kwinqanaba lokungazi lukhuni;
- Ukuxhathisa kubandakanywa kwinkqubo yonyango;
- Akukho zimo zokuziphatha ezingenakusetyenziswa kwimeko yokuxhathisa xa zifikelela kumandla amaphezulu.
Indlela yokuchasana nokuchasana nokuphononongwa kubandakanya iinkqubo zokufunyanwa, ukuqonda, ukufumana izizathu zemvelaphi zayo kunye nokuhombisa. Ukuhlangabezana nokuxhathisa, umntu ufumana ithuba lokuqalisa ukusebenza kwezi zinto kwaye ichaphazela ukuba (ukumelana) ukufihla.
Ndiyathemba ukuba unokufumana kancinci kumxholo we-psychoanalysis, izixhobo zayo eziphambili kunye neendlela. Okokugqibela, ndicebisa ukuba ndijonge ividiyo ye-hiatic: