Ngaphansi kwethemu elithi "psychoanalysis", ongoti babheka umbono wengqondo, okuwumbhali wawo owaziwayo wezengqondo wase-Austrian Psycholologist, i-Psychoanalyst, udokotela wezengqondo kanye ne-Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. Umbono owavela emakhulwini eminyaka angu-XIX-20, ngaso leso sikhathi, kwakhiwa indlela efanelekile yokwelashwa kwengqondo.
Uma unesifiso sokufunda ngesihloko se-psychoanalysis, khona-ke ngiphakamisa ukujwayelana nalokhu okuqukethwe.
I-Psychoosophy of Psychoanalysis: Abamele Abaphambili Nemibono
Thola ukuthi yini elindelwe namuhla - i-horoscope yanamuhla kuzo zonke izibonakaliso ze-zodiac
Izicelo eziningi zababhalisile, silungiselele uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-horoscope olunembile lwefoni ephathekayo. Izibikezeli zizofika ukuze uthole uphawu lwe-zodiac njalo ekuseni - akunakwenzeka ukuthi uphuthelwe!
Landa Mahhala: Horoscope for nsuku zonke 2020 (etholakala ku-Android)
I-Psychoanalysis iqoqo lezihlinzeko namasu asetshenziselwa ukuhlela ukuhlela ukuhunyushwa kwezixhumanisi ezingaqondakali ngenqubo yokuhlaziya.
Phakathi kwezinkomba eziyisisekelo ze-psychoanalysis zingabiwa:
- Umbono wokuziphatha komuntu. Ubengowokuqala futhi kuze kube manje ubhekwa njengomunye wababaluleke kakhulu. Njengomthetho, umbono wokuziphatha komuntu uhlobene ne-classical psychoanalysis, wethulwe kwi-psychology of Sigmund Freud. Kepha ungahlangana futhi umehluko omuhle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwalo mbono, abanye banokwehluka okubilisiwe emthonjeni wokuqala. Njengezibonelo, i-psychology yokuhlaziya ye-Gustav Jung noma i-Psychology yomuntu ngamunye ye-Adler (abhekiselwa kuma-neupender).
- Izindlela zocwaningo lwezinhloso eziphambili zokuziphatha komuntu. I-Psychoanalysis isebenzisa njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokufunda ama-divari asungula iziphazamiso. Ukuchazwa kokugcina kusiza ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuzihlanganisa kwamahhala.
- Indlela, kanye nezindlela zezifo zengqondo, Kususelwa ekushiwo ngenhla kokuhlaziywa kokungazi lutho, ukubonakaliswa kokumelana nokudluliselwa, ngamasu okutadisha nokutolika. Umgomo oyinhloko we-psychoanalysis ulusizo olusebenzayo esigulini kusuka ekukhululeni kusuka ezindlini ezifihliwe ezakha izingxabano ezenziwa nge-psyche, hhayi ezijwayelekile noma eziholela ezingxabanweni ezithile).
Ifilosofi ye-psychoanalysis iyaqhubeka. Manje ake sixoxe ngemibono eyisisekelo yalo mbono wengqondo. Ubambe umbono kaSigmund Freud, ethi imvelo yendoda ihlala ihambelana.
Yonke imicabango, izifiso kanye nezenzo kuzo zonke izimo zinezimbangela ezinzima ezazibangelwa izinhloso eziqondile noma ezingazi. Futhi, isigameko sangesikhathi esedlule sinomthelela esikhathini esizayo. Naphezu kokuqiniseka okugcwele kwesiguli, ukuthi inkinga yakhe yengqondo ayilungisisiwe, kuhlale kungokuxhumeka okufihlekile kwemicimbi ethile nabanye.
Ukusuka kulolu lwazi, uFreud wenza ukwahlukaniswa kwengqondo yabantu kube yizindawo ezi-3:
- Ukwazi;
- Ukunikezwa;
- ungazi.
Bacabangele okuningiliziwe.
- Ukwazi - Bafaka zonke izinqubo ezazi abantu nganoma yiziphi izikhathi ezimpilweni zabo.
- Ubukhosi - Imelela isilinganiso sesifunda sabangazi, esingaqhamuka "nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi siye esifundeni sokwazi.
- -Ngazi lutho - Kumelwe ngokungemthetho ongazi lutho, okungatholakali ekuzameni ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo. Abazi lutho bahlanganiswa yimicabango, imizwa kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho, okwakhishwa ngokwazi, njengoba umuntu ebabheka nje bengcolile futhi benqatshelwe. Okokungazi, awekho imikhawulo yesikhathi: izinkumbulo zezingane ezizithole zisendaweni yokwazi zizodala ukusabela okukhulu njengawo lapho zivela khona.
Ngokusho kukaFreud, amabutho aphambili asebenzayo we-Psyche yabantu yimvelo, okungukuthi, ama-voltages ahlose ngezinhloso ezithile. Iqembu lemvelo limelelwa yizakhi ezimbili:
- I-Libido - "Amandla Empilo";
- Amandla anolaka "isimo sefa".
Emcabangweni we-psychoanalysis, uBibido, ngokusekelwe ku-hlobo locansi, uthathwa kakhulu. Ngokusho kwezici ze-libido (ukubukeka, ubungako, ukuthutha, ukusabalalisa), kungenzeka ukuthi kuphephe ngokuqondene nanoma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kanye nezici zemicabango, okuhlangenwe nakho kweziguli.
I-Psychoanalytic theory of Freud inikeza imodeli enjalo ye-psyche:
- (Noma "i-id");
- Ego (noma "i");
- Super self (noma "super-i").
Kufanele bazitholele imininingwane eminingi.
(Noma "i-ID") - Imelela idatha (ifa, imvelo) ekuqaleni kubantu), hhayi ukuthinta imithetho enengqondo. I-ID yindawo yezifiso (uFreud ekhuluma ngokufakwa empilweni nasekufeni). Ihlukaniswe nge-inorganised and chaotic, kepha ngasikhathi sinye i-id inomthelela omkhulu kimi nangaphezulu-i.
Ego (noma "i") - Izenzo ngokwesimo esithinta ukuziphatha, ukucabanga okuqondayo nezinqubo zokuvikela. U-Ego uhlala exhumana nabantu abaseduze kwabantu. Kuqala kusuka ku-ID kusukela lapho ingane iyazi ingane njengomuntu. I-ID igcwalisa i-ego, futhi i-ego inikezela umazisi wokuvikelwa, njenge-cocoon.
I-Super Self (noma "Super-I") - Iyingxenye ye-ego, yenza imisebenzi yokuzibona nokulinganisa kokuziphatha. Ukwakheka kwe-Speego kuthonywa ukulimala kwezithombe zabazali ngohlelo lwazo lwamanani. Ngokusho kukaSigmund Freud, imisebenzi emi-3 eyinhloko yabelwa phezulu 3, okungukuthi:
- unembeza;
- ukuqonda;
- Umsebenzi owenza imigomo.
Zonke izingxenye ezingenhla ze-psyche ziyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngomgomo owodwa - ukuze ugcine ibhalansi yokufisa okuholela ekwenyuseni injabulo nengozi, okuvela ngenxa yokunganeliseki.
Ngokusho kukaFreud, amandla avele kuwo aboniswa kimi, futhi ngaphezulu - ngibeka imingcele ye-ya. Kepha, kucatshangelwa ukuthi izidingo zangaphezulu - Mina, i-ART , kuphakama izingxabano zobuntu.
Izikole Eziyinhloko Psychoanalysis
Kube namakhulu amaningi eminyaka selokhu kwavela umbono we-psychoanalytic. Isikhathi eside kangaka lapho bekukhona izikole nezinkomba ezihlukile ze-psychoanalysis. Izigaba eziphambili zingabalwa:- Umbono we-Classical wama-deposits athuthukiswe nguSigmund Freud;
- I-Ego-Psychology - kuyo, ingxenye ye-psyche ye-ego iza kuqala;
- umbono wobudlelwano bento;
- Isikole uMelanie Klein - Ithonya le-Psychoanalyyst yaseBrithani yemvelaphi yamaJuda;
- I-psychoanalysis yesakhiwo sikaJacques Lakan;
- Ukuzenzela kwe-Heinz Kohut;
- I-psychoanalysis yokuxhumana nabantu (uHarry Stack Sullivan noClara Thompson);
- Indlela yokudlulisa (Robert Pokorou).
Izindlela ze-Psychoanalysis
Isikhathi sokuya kubo. Ngezansi kuzobhekwa zonke izindlela ezaziwayo ezisetshenziswa yi-psychoanalysts, ngencazelo yezici zazo.
Indlela yezinhlangano zamahhala
Uma kukhulunywa ngezinhlangano zamahhala, kusho ukuthi isiguli siphinyiselwa uchwepheshe yonke imicabango, izithombe ezivela ekhanda lakhe. Kubalulekile ukuthi udokotela akagxeki isiguli, noma ngabe azwakalise okungenangqondo noma angafanele.Esimweni se-Psychoanalysis, udinga ukunikela ngodokotela kuyo yonke imininingwane yempilo yakho: ukutshela zombili ngezinto ezijwayelekile (umsebenzi, izindaba zansuku zonke), futhi ujule emaphusheni akho, imizwa yakho, okuhlangenwe nakho. Ngokuvamile, ukuze wabelane ngazo zonke izinto okhathazekile ngazo.
Inhloso esemqoka yezindlela zezinhlangano zamahhala ukufezekisa imingcele yezinqubo eziqashelwayo nezingazi, okungukuthi, ukuthola inkululeko yokuba.
Indlela yokuhunyushwa kwamaphupho
Amaphupho anenani elibaluleke kakhulu ngokwengqondo, ukuqonda kwako okungenzeka ngosizo lwendlela edlule. Ephusheni, okuvelayo "okukhohliwe" kuvame ukubuyiselwa kumuntu, okuhlobene kakhulu nezifiso zokuzithoba nezifiso.
Amaphupho anokuqukethwe okucacile nokufihliwe. Ngaphansi kokuqala kuqondakala ngokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu, izinkumbulo zakhe, indlela akhuluma ngayo ngalokho akubona iphupho. Okuqukethwe okufihliwe kuyimfumbe, kusiza ukuxazulula izinhlangano zamahhala nezincazelo ze-psychoanalyst.
Udokotela uzosiza ukubhekana nemilayezo engazi lutho, ukuze kamuva ukwazile ukusebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuze uxhumana kangcono nabo, ushintsho oluhle empilweni.
Indlela yokutolika
Ukutolika - Izenzo njengomyalezo, ngosizo lokuthi uchwepheshe unikeza isiguli esivezwe ngesineke ngenjongo kakhonkolo, siyanda futhi sijulisa inani elinamathiselwe ngumuntu uqobo. Kulokhu, imvamisa isiguli siqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwencazelo, ekhipha ukusabela okufanele kuwo. Isibonelo, enkumbulweni yakhe uvusa umcimbi ngesihloko owashiwo udokotela.Yize ukutolika kungaqinisekiswa kuzo zonke izimo.
Inhloso esemqoka yale ndlela ukuqeda izehlakalo zengqondo ezingeni lokwazi, ngenxa yokuqonda ngokwalo kwenziwa lula, kuyenzeka ukuthuthukisa okungokoqobo kwayo.
Indlela yokuhlaziywa kokudlulisa kanye ne-counterperos
Ngokuqonda kwendabuko kwendlela yokudlulisa, kusho izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Isiguli sithuthela emizweni ye-Psychoanalystst, imicabango, imicabango, isifiso, njll., esivela esikhathini esedlule, sibaluleke kakhulu kwisiguli;
- Umuntu uqala ukubona udokotela njengento evela kwangaphambili;
- Evezeni ebanzi ngokwengeziwe, indlela yokuhlaziya nokudluliswa ibonwa njengesimo sengqondo esingokomzwelo sokunye isihloko esisodwa kwesinye esichazwa ngesipiliyoni sayo.
Indlela yokudlulisa e-Psychoanalysis isebenza njengesigaba esiphoqelekile, futhi ukudonswa kwale nqubo kuyithuluzi eliphumelelayo ukwelashwa. USigmund Freud uthe ngenxa yomthelela wesiguli udokotela ongazi lutho, into enjalo yaqashelwa njenge- "Counter Transfer" - noma umlingani.
Umuntu ophikisana naye - umele inhlanganisela yokusabela okungazi lutho ngochwepheshe wesiguli.
Indlela yokuhlaziywa kokumelana
Ukumelana kuhlale kuzama ukuphazamisa i-pychoanalysis, futhi kuvimbela ne-ego ehlakaniphile yesiguli. Ukumelana kuzama ukuvikela ukuhlupheka kwesiguli, kuyindlela eguquguqukayo ephumile.
UFreud wabhala okulandelayo kulokhu:
"... Izindlela zokuvikela eziqondiswe engcupheni zihlolwe kaningi ngendlela yokumelana nokululama ngesikhathi sokwelashwa. Kulandela kulokhu ukuthi i-ego ibona ukululama ngokwayo njengengozi entsha. "
Ukumelana, okulandelayo kuyinto ebalulekile:
- Kuhlobene noshintsho umuntu ofuna ukusinda ezingeni lokwazi, kepha ngezinga labazi lutho wesaba;
- Ukumelana kufakiwe kwinqubo yokwelashwa;
- Azikho izindlela zokuziphatha ezingeke zisetshenziswe kumongo wokumelana lapho zifinyelela amandla aphezulu.
Indlela yokuhlaziya ukuhlaziya ifaka izinqubo zokutholwa, ukuqwashisa ngokumelana, ukuthola isisusa sokubukeka kwayo nokuhlobisa kwayo. Lapho esebhekane nokumelana, umuntu uthola ithuba lokuqala ukusebenzela lezo zifiso futhi zithinta ukuthi (ukumelana) nokufihla.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ungathola okuncane emcabangweni we-psychoanalysis, amathuluzi alo aphambili nezindlela. Ekugcineni, ngiphakamisa ukubuka ividiyo ebabazekayo: